The increasing demand for advanced consumer electronics has driven the need for innovative manufacturing methods that are cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally sustainable. printed electronics (pe) has emerged as a promising solution, offering an efficient alternative to traditional silicon-based fabrication processes. a critical component of pe technology is the development of conductive inks, which form the foundation for creating electronic components such as electrodes. while metal-based inks, including those made from silver (ag), copper (cu), and gold (au), are widely used due to their high conductivity, their limitations—such as high costs, poor mechanical flexibility, and limited chemical stability—present significant challenges. graphene, a two-dimensional carbon material with exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical robustness, and chemical stability, has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional metal-based inks. this project focuses on the cost-effective fabrication of rigid and flexible electrodes using graphene-based conductive ink. by optimizing the synthesis process and incorporating eco-friendly solvents and binders, the project aims to formulate a high-performance graphene ink that is compatible with diverse substrates, including rigid materials like glass and flexible materials like polymers. the proposed work addresses three key aspects: cost reduction, enhanced performance, and environmental sustainability. the synthesis of graphene ink involves scalable methods that minimize production costs while maintaining its superior conductivity and stability. the ink formulation is designed to ensure strong adhesion to substrates and long-term operational reliability. furthermore, the use of environmentally friendly solvents and binders minimizes the ecological footprint of the fabrication process, aligning with global sustainability goals. the rigid and flexible electrodes fabricated using graphene-based ink demonstrate significant improvements in performance metrics. these include enhanced electrical conductivity, superior mechanical strength, and excellent flexibility, enabling their use in a wide range of applications. potential use cases include wearable electronics, flexible displays, energy storage systems, and sensors, where the demand for lightweight, durable, and high-performance materials is rapidly growing. this project has significant scientific, technical, and economic implications. scientifically, it contributes to the understanding of graphene ink formulation and its interaction with various substrates. technically, it paves the way for the development of advanced pe devices with improved functionality and durability. economically, the cost-effective fabrication process reduces production expenses, making pe technology more accessible to manufacturers and end-users. in conclusion, the cost-effective fabrication of rigid and flexible electrodes using graphene-based conductive ink holds immense potential to revolutionize the field of printed electronics. by addressing the limitations of traditional materials and processes, this project offers a sustainable and versatile solution for next-generation electronic devices. the outcomes of this work are expected to significantly advance the capabilities of pe technology, bridging the gap between innovation and affordability while contributing to the global push toward greener and more efficient manufacturing practices.